History of the Brook Trout and Round Whitefish Populations in New York State
The brook trout and round whitefish were once abundant in the many lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers within the Adirondack Park. The beautifully colored brook trout (aka brookie or speckled trout) is the State Fish of New York and is part of the Adirondack heritage. Over the last 150 years, native populations of brook trout and round whitefish fisheries have severely declined within their historic native range.
Troubling Statistics
The 19,000 acres with a vast array of bodies of water from lakes to streams in the Saranac Lakes Wild Forest provide an example of the dramatic decline of the brook trout population historic to the Adirondacks. In the mid-1800s, 94 percent of these waters contained wild brook trout. By 2014 that figure had declined to only about 3 percent. The round whitefish has become so rare it is now listed as endangered in New York State. And, several Adirondack heritage strains of brook trout are either non-existent or limited to only a bodies of water.
The decline of brook trout and round whitefish populations in New York State is a result of a combination of factors over the last 150 years. Habitat destruction, pollution, the introduction of invasive species, and overfishing have all contributed to the loss of these species from many of their historical ranges. The once-abundant brook trout, known for its vibrant colors and importance in local culture, has suffered significant reductions in numbers, particularly in the Adirondack Park. Once a common presence in the region’s lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers, these fish now occupy only a small fraction of their historical habitats.
In the Saranac Lakes Wild Forest, for example, the brook trout population has dwindled drastically. In the mid-1800s, nearly 94 percent of the waters in the region supported wild brook trout populations. By 2014, however, that figure had dropped to around 3 percent. This stark decline is indicative of the broader trends seen across the state. Meanwhile, the round whitefish, once common in New York’s waters, has become so rare that it is now listed as an endangered species.
Efforts to preserve and restore these populations have become crucial in maintaining New York’s natural heritage. Conservation initiatives, stricter regulations on fishing practices, and habitat restoration projects are essential to ensure the survival of these iconic species. The loss of certain strains of brook trout, once vital to the state’s aquatic biodiversity, has further highlighted the need for focused efforts to protect and recover these species. As New York State’s official fish, the brook trout holds cultural and ecological significance, and its recovery remains a critical priority for conservationists and anglers alike.
Ongoing efforts to restore Native Populations
The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) has been actively involved in efforts to restore the wild brook trout and round whitefish populations to their historic aquatic habitats within the Adirondacks. The main objective of these initiatives is to provide anglers with the opportunity to once again experience the thrill of fishing for native eastern brook trout in their natural environments. The restoration projects aim to reverse the significant decline of these species, which has been driven by habitat degradation, pollution, invasive species, and overfishing. Through various conservation efforts, including habitat restoration, fish stocking programs, and enhanced management practices, the DEC strives to rebuild populations, ensuring future generations can enjoy these iconic species.
Wild Habitat Formation
At the end of the last Ice Age, the Adirondacks’ landscape was shaped by climatic conditions and cascading waterfalls, which limited fish movement and led to the isolation of aquatic species. As the glaciers retreated and water levels dropped, waterfalls and chasms formed natural barriers, effectively sealing off fish populations from each other. This isolation created the ideal conditions for the evolution of distinct local fish populations, with the eastern brook trout and round whitefish becoming the dominant species in many Adirondack bodies of water.
The eastern brook trout, in particular, flourished across the region, becoming the most widespread fish species in the Adirondacks. Over time, as different populations of brook trout were cut off from each other by natural barriers, they evolved separately, developing unique traits and characteristics specific to the individual bodies of water they inhabited. While the precise number of original strains of brook trout in the Adirondacks is unknown, it is believed that there may have been dozens of different varieties. Unfortunately, many of these strains have been lost over time, and today, only a few different strains remain.
As part of the DEC’s efforts, attention is being given to preserving and revitalizing these heritage strains by restoring habitat and addressing environmental factors that have hindered their natural reproduction. Through these efforts, the hope is to return the Adirondack waters to a state where these native fish populations can thrive, ensuring the future of the region’s aquatic biodiversity and preserving a rich part of New York’s natural heritage.
Causes of Population Decline
Adirondack Timber Demands
The decline of the eastern brook trout population in the Adirondacks can be traced back to several key historical events, with one of the primary contributors being the increased demand for timber during the mid-1800s. As the demand for Adirondack timber grew, vast areas of forest were cleared to supply the needs of local industries, particularly in the timber and paper sectors. This deforestation led to a significant loss of shade along streams and headwaters, which had previously helped to maintain cool water temperatures.
The removal of trees and understory vegetation disrupted the natural balance of these ecosystems, resulting in higher water temperatures, which are detrimental to brook trout survival and reproduction. Warmer water temperatures, coupled with soil erosion from the cleared land, led to stream siltation, which reduced water quality. The sedimentation of streams clogged habitats and suffocated the natural spawning grounds that brook trout relied upon. Moreover, the timber industry, which involved log drives down rivers, added to the pollution, as floating logs and debris further degraded water quality. Tanneries and paper mills also contributed to the contamination of aquatic habitats with pollutants, further diminishing brook trout populations. This combination of elevated water temperatures, poor water quality, and loss of suitable habitat had devastating effects on brook trout survival and their ability to reproduce.
Increased Tourism
The growth of tourism in the Adirondack region, fueled by the expansion of railroad transportation in the 19th century, marked another significant factor in the decline of brook trout populations. The advent of the railroad made the region more accessible, bringing a surge of visitors, including anglers eager to experience the famed fishing opportunities the Adirondacks offered. The brook trout, a prized game fish, became a focal point for these growing numbers of tourists, leading to increased fishing pressure on local lakes, rivers, and streams.
The influx of anglers, often with limited regulation on catch limits or fishing methods, resulted in overfishing of many of the region’s aquatic habitats. The combination of tourism-related overfishing and environmental degradation from timber and industrial activities created a “perfect storm” that significantly impacted brook trout populations. These pressures, along with other environmental challenges, led to the dramatic decline of brook trout in many Adirondack waters.
Introduction of Warm-Water and Domesticated Species
New York State’s past stocking programs, aimed at enhancing recreational fishing, have had unintended and long-lasting effects on the brook trout populations in the Adirondacks. Starting in the early 20th century, both New York State and private entities began stocking millions of warm-water species, including bass, perch, and walleye, in Adirondack waters. While the intention was to provide anglers with a variety of fish species to target, the introduction of these non-native fish dramatically altered the ecological balance within the region. These warm-water species quickly adapted to their new environment, outcompeting brook trout for food and habitat. As a result, the once-abundant brook trout populations began to dwindle as their native ecosystems became increasingly dominated by these aggressive, fast-growing species. The warm-water species displaced the brook trout by consuming the same food resources, such as insects and smaller fish, and occupying key habitats, such as colder, deeper waters, which were critical for brook trout survival.
The presence of these introduced species had a devastating impact on brook trout populations, especially in the smaller, cooler lakes, ponds, and streams where brook trout had once thrived. Over time, the growing dominance of these warm-water species eroded the available space and resources for brook trout, leading to the gradual disappearance of wild brook trout in many waters throughout the Adirondacks. The overall result was a collapse of the brook trout fishery, as these non-native species thrived while the native brook trout struggled to survive.
In addition to the introduction of non-native species, the practice of stocking hatchery-raised brook trout in waters that already supported wild populations created another significant challenge for the preservation of native brook trout. The state’s stocking programs, intended to supplement the fishery, inadvertently led to the mixing of domesticated hatchery-raised brook trout with wild, heritage brook trout. While this practice may have seemed harmless at first, the genetic consequences were profound. The hatchery-raised trout, bred for rapid growth and ease of stocking, were genetically distinct from the wild brook trout that had evolved in the Adirondacks over thousands of years. When these domesticated fish interbred with the wild brook trout, it led to genetic dilution and hybridization, compromising the unique genetic makeup of the Adirondack brook trout strains. The once-purebred brook trout strains, adapted to the cold, pristine waters of the Adirondacks, were slowly replaced by hybridized populations that lacked the resilience and genetic diversity needed to thrive in the challenging and varied conditions of the region. This hybridization not only threatened the genetic integrity of the brook trout but also undermined efforts to restore and protect the native fish populations in the Adirondack Park.
Industry induced Acid-Rain
What seemed to be a distant and unrelated issue for the Adirondacks, the pollution from coal-burning power plants in the Midwest, has had a profound and detrimental effect on the region’s delicate ecosystems. The pollutants released into the atmosphere, primarily sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), combined with moisture in the atmosphere, formed acid rain. This acid rain, which was carried long distances by prevailing winds, fell over the Adirondacks, resulting in significant damage to its waterways. Acid rain lowered the pH of many lakes, streams, and ponds, making the water too acidic for many species of aquatic life, including the eastern brook trout. Brook trout, which thrive in cold, clean, and slightly acidic waters, are particularly sensitive to changes in water chemistry. When the pH of the water drops too low, it disrupts the fish’s ability to survive and reproduce. The acid rain-induced water quality decline exacerbated the already challenging conditions for brook trout populations, leading to the further collapse of the fishery in affected areas.
As a result, large sections of the Adirondack Park saw a reduction in fish populations, including the brook trout, which are an integral part of the region’s natural heritage. The impact of acid rain was felt for decades, and although air quality has improved in recent years due to cleaner energy practices, the legacy of acid rain pollution continues to affect the health of Adirondack waters. This environmental issue has further complicated the efforts to restore native brook trout populations, as many of the affected watersheds remain unsuitable for sustaining viable brook trout populations.
Illegal Stocking
Non-Native Introduction
The introduction of non-native fish species into Adirondack waters has significantly contributed to the decline of brook trout populations. Over the years, species such as largemouth and smallmouth bass, yellow perch, northern pike, golden shiner, rock bass, and black crappie have found their way into many of the region’s lakes and rivers. These non-native species pose multiple threats to the brook trout and other native fish. They not only prey on brook trout eggs and young fish but also consume substantial amounts of zooplankton, which are a crucial food source for brook trout. Zooplankton also serve to keep algae populations in check by feeding on them. As invasive species decrease the zooplankton population, algae blooms increase, further degrading water quality and reducing the chances of brook trout survival. The invasive fish populations thus disrupt the delicate balance of the ecosystem, making it increasingly difficult for native species like brook trout to thrive.
In addition to their direct predation and food competition, many non-native species alter the physical characteristics of the environment. Species such as bass and pike prefer warmer, more turbid waters, which can change the habitat structure that brook trout need to survive. These changes in water quality, temperature, and habitat type often lead to reduced brook trout numbers and, in many cases, the extinction of local populations in affected waters.
Protecting and Restoring Habitats
In response to the significant challenges facing brook trout populations, ongoing conservation efforts have focused on restoring and protecting their native habitats. Over the years, efforts have been made to address some of the issues that once plagued the region. The use of best management practices in land and water management has been one of the most effective methods for aiding the recovery of brook trout habitats. Reforestation and the regrowth of understory vegetation have been critical in restoring natural canopy cover over streams and rivers. This shade helps to maintain cooler water temperatures, which are essential for brook trout survival, as they are highly sensitive to temperature changes. Additionally, healthier forests help to prevent soil erosion and runoff, which had historically led to increased siltation in streams and rivers. The reduction in erosion has improved water clarity and quality, creating more favorable conditions for brook trout and other native species to thrive.
The resurgence of forests and healthy riparian zones has also contributed to a reduction in the spread of invasive species by providing natural barriers to their movement and ensuring that native habitats remain intact. Although challenges persist, these restoration efforts have started to show promise in returning many Adirondack waters to their previous state, supporting healthier ecosystems and boosting brook trout populations.
Updated and New New State Fishing Regulations
One of the most important recent steps in preserving brook trout populations has been the updating of New York State’s fishing regulations. In the past, it was common for anglers to take long stringers of brook trout home, often leading to overfishing and significant depletion of local populations. Today, such practices are not only considered unethical but illegal. New regulations have reduced the daily creel limit for brook trout, and in many areas, fishing is now restricted to catch-and-release only. These regulations are crucial in ensuring that brook trout populations have a chance to recover and that anglers practice responsible fishing methods.
Additionally, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) has revised its stocking practices. The state no longer stocks hatchery-raised brook trout into waters that already support wild populations, especially in prime spawning areas. This change ensures that the genetic integrity of the native brook trout strains is maintained and allows for more successful natural reproduction.
Addressing Water Quality and pH
Efforts to restore brook trout populations are also closely tied to improving water quality in the Adirondacks. One of the most critical factors in maintaining healthy brook trout populations is ensuring that the waters remain within the correct pH range. As mentioned earlier, acid rain, caused by pollution from coal-burning power plants, severely impacted the pH levels in many Adirondack lakes and rivers, making them too acidic for brook trout to survive. Over the past several decades, however, efforts to reduce emissions from industrial sources and promote cleaner energy have led to improvements in air and water quality.
Local and state agencies have been monitoring the pH of Adirondack waters, and efforts to mitigate the impact of acid rain have begun to show positive results. The implementation of liming projects, which involve the careful addition of lime to neutralize the acidity of the water, has helped restore pH levels in some of the affected lakes and rivers. By improving water quality and restoring the natural balance of the ecosystem, these initiatives have created a more favorable environment for brook trout populations to recover.
Despite these advancements, ongoing efforts are needed to address the remaining challenges facing the Adirondack brook trout fishery. Continued restoration of native habitats, regulation enforcement, and water quality management will be essential in ensuring the long-term survival and health of brook trout in the region. With these efforts, there is hope that the Adirondacks can once again support thriving populations of brook trout, ensuring that future generations of anglers can enjoy this iconic species.
Fisheries Management
To support the restoration of native species, particularly brook trout and round whitefish, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) has implemented a variety of special regulations aimed at protecting and managing these populations. One of the key measures is the restriction on the use of live bait fish in certain bodies of water. This regulation helps prevent the accidental introduction of non-native species, which can outcompete and threaten the survival of native fish like brook trout. Additionally, the introduction of any new species into Adirondack waters now requires a permit, ensuring that only approved species are introduced into these delicate ecosystems.
The DEC also manages specific waters known as brood stock waters. These are designated areas where heritage strains of brook trout and round whitefish are maintained to support healthy populations for stocking purposes. These programs help ensure the genetic integrity of native species and support their recovery across the region. Another important step in the management of these fisheries is the construction and maintenance of barrier dams. These dams prevent the spread of invasive species from one water body to another, helping to protect the ecosystems of isolated lakes and ponds. Finally, active efforts are underway to eradicate invasive species from certain bodies of water, followed by restocking with native species, including heritage brook trout and round whitefish. This combination of regulation, habitat protection, and stocking initiatives plays a critical role in maintaining and restoring the Adirondack fisheries.
Reclaiming Aquatic Habitat
The process of “reclamation” is an essential tool in restoring Adirondack waters to their natural state. This process involves the complete eradication of non-native fish species from a body of water so that native species, such as brook trout, can be reintroduced and thrive. The reclamation process begins with the careful application of a substance called rotenone, which is used to eliminate unwanted fish from a pond or lake. While the process may sound drastic, it is highly effective and controlled to ensure minimal disruption to the surrounding ecosystem.
Rotenone as a Reclamation tool
Background of Rotenone
Pushback from the Environmental Community STOPPED
In the early years of Adirondack reclamation efforts, the use of rotenone was met with significant resistance from some environmental activists. In 1991, members of the Earth First environmental group staged a high-profile protest against the state’s reclamation efforts at Little Green Pond. The protesters demonstrated from the shore and even floated on inflatable animals in the middle of the lake for over six hours to stop the application of rotenone. Their goal was to prevent the use of the chemical in the water, arguing that it would harm the habitat and the ecosystem.
The Adirondack Park Agency’s chairman at the time also voiced strong opposition to the reclamation process. He publicly criticized the practice, arguing that it should not be carried out on any of the Adirondack lakes. However, over time, the perspective on reclamation has shifted. Today, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) and its staff believe that the public has a better understanding of the purpose and benefits of the reclamation program. As a result, there is broader acceptance of these efforts as necessary for the long-term health of the region’s fish populations.
Historical Reclamation Efforts
Reclamation efforts in the Adirondacks date back decades. According to DEC records, the first documented use of rotenone for reclamation occurred as early as 1951 when Huntley Pond, Rock Pond, and Jockeybush Lake were all treated. These efforts continued to grow in scope, with the eradication of non-native species from Lower Sargent Pond in Hamilton County in 2013. The pond had seen a rise in the population of largemouth bass, which had decimated the brook trout numbers. By 2012, no young brook trout could be found in the pond, and the population was in serious decline. The primary cause of the collapse was traced back to illegal stocking and the use of live bait fish. After the pond was treated with rotenone in 2013, it was restocked in 2015 with native brook trout to restore the naturally reproducing fishery that had once thrived there.
Partnerships with the DEC
The DEC’s ongoing efforts to restore brook trout populations are supported by collaborations with other organizations. The DEC is an active partner in the Eastern Brook Trout Joint Venture (EBTJV), a coalition working to protect, restore, and enhance brook trout populations and their habitats across their native range. Through this partnership, DEC can tap into a network of resources and expertise, ensuring that its brook trout restoration initiatives are as effective and sustainable as possible. More information on this initiative can be found at the EBTJV’s website: Eastern Brook Trout Joint Venture.
Reintroduction of Native and Hybrid Brook Trout
The DEC is committed to preserving the genetic integrity of the region’s brook trout populations. According to Rob Fiorentino of the Region 5 Fisheries staff, one of the primary goals is to reintroduce the same strain of brook trout that once inhabited the waters of the Adirondacks, or, when that is not possible, the closest genetically related strain. In some cases, hybrid strains of brook trout are being stocked to bolster the population. One such hybrid is the cross between the Adirondack brook trout and the Canadian Temistamie strain. The Temistamie strain is prized for its hardiness, which allows it to thrive both in hatcheries and in the wild. These fish tend to grow larger, which could also enhance the population’s resilience and viability in the long term.
Continuing Efforts to Restore and Protect Habitat
The DEC’s efforts to restore and protect native brook trout populations are ongoing and involve a multifaceted approach. Rob Fiorentino emphasizes that a key component of the restoration process is careful management of stocking practices. The DEC studies individual water bodies to determine the ideal number of fish to be introduced, avoiding overstocking that can result in poor growth and diminished fish health. By maintaining proper stocking levels, the DEC aims to promote the natural growth of brook trout populations and support the long-term sustainability of the fishery. The ultimate goal is to restore these populations to a point where they can successfully spawn on their own, eliminating the need for artificial stocking in the future.
Commitment to Long-Term Restoration
DEC’s Regional Director, Robert Stegemann, underscores the agency’s long-term commitment to brook trout restoration, highlighting the significance of these efforts not just for the fish but also for the larger ecosystem. “Native brook trout populations have been significantly reduced in the Adirondacks and other areas throughout the east, but we are committed to restoring these populations in local waters,” he says. “This tremendous coordinated effort will ensure the continued existence of a natural aquatic community and provide a high-quality wilderness fishing experience for anglers.”
This comprehensive strategy is vital not only for the brook trout but also for preserving the integrity of the Adirondack ecosystem. The restoration of these native populations supports biodiversity, enhances water quality, and preserves the unique wilderness character of the region for future generations of anglers and wildlife alike. Through sustained efforts, the DEC hopes to see the return of a thriving, self-sustaining brook trout population in the Adirondacks and beyond.
Original Article By Wayne Brewer
About The Author
Wayne Brewer was an avid outdoorsman. At one point he was the Director of Law Enforcement for the NYS DEC. He was the author of a fish and game cookbook Enjoying Nature’s Bounty and a freelance writer for several publications. Waybe Brewer passed away in 2019.
